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How to Get Rid of Gender Inequality

Across the globe, gender inequality is an injustice that robs people of their lives’ potential – and deprives nations of the energy and talent they need to progress. It starts in childhood, limiting children’s choices and opportunities – often disproportionately hurting girls. And it continues throughout life – in the form of discrimination, harassment and violence, unequal access to education, legal protection and financial services, unequal division of paid and unpaid care and domestic work, as well as a lack of representation in public offices.

The gender gap is wide, with women earning only 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. Even after accounting for differences in education, jobs and working conditions, the gap remains significant. The disparity is particularly pronounced in countries with high levels of conflict, poverty and unemployment. Getting rid of it will take strong commitments by governments, companies and other stakeholders.

Gender equality is good for everyone, and there are many reasons to promote it. Aside from the moral argument – that no one should be treated less favourably because of their identity or sex – it’s also important for economic growth and stability, as well as for human wellbeing and happiness. Specifically, reducing gender gaps brings efficiency gains, as illustrated by the evidence from business and politics (see the box above).

These benefits are not limited to advanced economies. In fact, gender equality is especially vital in poorer countries where it can help lift living standards. That is because, in these contexts, achieving equal participation by women and men can boost economic growth, as it leads to better decisions about family planning, investment, and the use of natural resources.

In addition, it improves decision-making with regard to issues such as age at marriage, the use of contraception and the avoidance of harmful practices like female genital cutting. Moreover, it helps ensure that girls are not deprived of the opportunity to grow up to be educated and skilled, thus contributing to stronger, more stable societies that can support their families, as well as those of future generations.

But despite the many reasons to promote it, there are still many barriers that prevent gender equality from being realized. These include ingrained attitudes and stereotypes, cultural norms, and rigid societal structures that create obstacles for both men and women. To tackle these, policies must be implemented, including inheritance reforms and land rights for women; equal pay for equal work; and a push to reduce discrimination and stigma. In addition, people must call out discriminatory rhetoric and behavior. This will not only raise awareness, but also contribute to the creation of a new agenda for promoting gender equality and improving people’s lives.

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Causes and Effects of Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is a complex issue that has many causes. Some factors are at the individual level such as a lack of awareness or an unwillingness to speak out, others are at the community level like the impact of cultural and religious values on how women and men are perceived and treated, and still others are at the societal level such as laws and norms.

Any time someone is forced to have sex against their will, whether it is a sexual assault or non-consensual sex, it is considered sexual violence. Force can be physical, psychological or emotional and can include manipulation, threats and intimidation. Even if the person is not physically hurt, they may be emotionally and psychologically scarred by an incident of sexual violence.

For survivors of sexual assault the initial response is often fear. They may have repeated thoughts about the event that are hard to ignore, nightmares and trouble sleeping. Some women will experience pain in the areas of their bodies where they were assaulted or have other physical symptoms such as stomach aches, headaches and soreness. In an attempt to block the memory or painful feelings, they may develop other coping mechanisms including self-injury, eating disorders and alcohol and drug use.

Sexual assaults are often committed by people known to the survivor. Almost eight out of 10 perpetrators are someone the victim knows (intimate partner, acquaintance, or family member). Sexual assault or abuse can also be committed by strangers in public places such as schools, workplaces and clubs.

In addition to personal injuries, the impacts of sexual violence on a community are profound. Communities suffer a loss of trust and safety when sexual violence occurs. There are costs to the economy as a result of medical and criminal justice expenses, crisis and mental health services, and lost productivity for survivors who must take time off work. There are also social and emotional costs to the community from a breakdown of trust and sense of safety.

Survivors of sexual violence often lose confidence in people and have difficulty determining who they can trust. They may withdraw from activities and relationships with friends, family and coworkers. They may complain of not feeling safe at home, quit sports teams or drop out of classes. Survivors of rape may have a hard time maintaining a relationship with their partners, and some develop anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder.

It is important for family members, neighbors and coworkers of survivors of sexual violence to understand that a survivor’s reaction to the abuse is normal. It is equally important for them to educate themselves about the myths surrounding rape, because when loved ones believe that it is the survivor’s fault or that the assault was a “one-time thing”, they are reinforcing a culture of sexual violence and enabling the offender to continue his or her abusive behaviour. It is also important to recognize warning signs of sexual violence in teens, including being aggressive, withdrawn or clingy and using inappropriate language.

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What is Victim Blaming?

Victim blaming is any language or behaviour that implies (whether intentionally or unintentionally) that a person is partially or wholly responsible for abuse they have experienced. It can also make a victim feel ashamed of reporting or speaking out about their experience, and may discourage them from seeking support and justice for their trauma and harm.

The reason people engage in victim blaming is that they think it will help them feel safer, as it reinforces their belief that there are specific things they can do to avoid being harmed. This is often a comforting idea, but can have the opposite effect as it reduces people’s empathy for others. It can also make them unwilling to accept that other people may behave in harmful ways, and this lack of empathy can be exacerbated by a belief that we live in a world where we get what we deserve.

This belief can also be fueled by a desire to fit in with the dominant social norms of the time. In the case of rape and other forms of sexual assault, this can include the expectation that victims should be grateful to their attackers for ‘letting them have fun’ or for’making good use of’ them. This can result in victims feeling guilty and depressed about their experiences, and may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, health issues, or even suicide.

There are many reasons why people engage in victim blaming, but the most common is that it makes them feel safer. They may also believe that they can predict or pre-empt crime, and that it is their responsibility to protect themselves and others from harm. This is a very difficult task to achieve, and so it is understandable that people might seek reassurance in blaming victims for their actions, or trying to find other reasons why their traumatic experiences were inevitable.

When someone fails to do well in a test, it is very common for them to attribute their failure to internal characteristics such as laziness or intelligence. It is also very common for people to do this when they hear about a crime such as a murder, or a sexual assault. People may question what the victim could have done to prevent the crime, or find excuses for why it happened, such as wearing inappropriate clothing or being out alone late at night.

It is important that we, as professionals, challenge victim blaming in a way that is sensitive and respectful of the experiences of the survivors we work with. This is particularly important if they are members of minoritised groups such as LGBT+, children and adults with disabilities/learning and support needs or Black, Asian and other minority group communities.

It is not always possible to change the attitudes and beliefs of those who victim blame, but we can try to reassure them that what they have experienced is not their fault and that it is not acceptable for anyone to blame them. This can be difficult, especially if the person is someone you trust or respect, but it can also have the added benefit of helping them to realise that not everyone believes them and that they do not need to be alone in their experiences.

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Women’s Rights – What Does it Mean to Be a Woman?

Women are fundamentally different from men, in ways that can be both beautiful and a little ugly. They deserve to be treated with respect and dignity, just as all people do. This can be done with simple things like letting her know that you believe and value her opinions, or through chivalrous acts such as opening doors for her. It can also be done by being open and honest about your feelings. It is very hard for a woman to trust men who lie, even if those lies are intended to be helpful or kind.

It is important for women to have a partner who is willing to communicate about their feelings, both positive and negative. It is just as important for men to be willing to listen. Often times, women will reveal personal information that they would prefer to keep private in order to make the relationship feel safe and secure. This is a good thing, and it is a sign that she trusts you. It is important that you do not keep anything secret from her, but also be careful not to overstep your bounds and criticize her family members or other friends. It is a good idea to let her know in advance if you are going to share something that is significant to her.

Whether you are an active feminist or not, it is a good idea to have some basic knowledge about gender theory and how the human body works. This will help you to better understand the issues that affect women and how they might be able to address those issues in a way that is beneficial to all involved. It will also help you to be a more informed critic when watching documentaries or other forms of media that claim to speak for all women.

A good place to start is with a documentary such as Louis Theroux’s Transgender Kids, which presents the issue of gender identity with empathy and care while still being rigorous in its research. It can be difficult to understand the nuances of the subject matter, but it is well worth the time and effort to watch.

In the end, it is up to each individual woman to decide what it means for them to be a woman. This may change over time, but it is not for anyone else to define her or how she should be. If you have an opinion on this subject, please express it respectfully and without hostility. I, for one, am tired of being made to feel defensive by people who are trying to fit my ever-changing and growing relationship with my own gender into their archaic definitions of “womanhood.” There are many different ways to be a woman, and they all deserve to be able to have a life that is fulfilling and enjoyable. This is something that can only be achieved through a partnership that is mutually respectful and understanding.

Women’s Rights – A Non-Negotiable Human Right

In the years since the first lady’s speech, women have come a long way in fighting for their rights. The movement has shifted from being a fringe cause to a mainstream issue. Today, women’s rights are considered “non-negotiable” as a human right that should be prioritized by decent people everywhere, because it will ultimately benefit everyone.

The rights of women are being met in many ways across the world, but more work needs to be done. For example, women in developing countries are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, and many are robbed of a healthy life due to unplanned pregnancies and child marriage. Women also face economic inequalities, including paying less than men for the same work, being restricted by laws to work in certain industries, and not having access to land ownership or inheritance. Many women are also forced to spend twice as much time on domestic work, which undermines their ability to earn a living. Harmful patriarchal traditions, like female genital mutilation and child marriage, rob women of their dignity.

When asked about the main obstacle to equal rights, 77% of Americans say that sexual harassment is a major barrier. Two-thirds say that differences in the expectations society holds for women and men are a major obstacle as well, while others cite lack of opportunity to work, family responsibilities, gender discrimination, or not having enough women in leadership positions.

Despite the challenges, most people believe that gender equality will eventually be achieved in their country. More than seven-in-ten in the Netherlands, India, and Mexico believe it will happen, while majorities in most Central and Eastern European nations and Russia think it will happen as well. And in the United States, 75% say that they are confident that women and men will have equal rights eventually.

When looking at the regional rankings, Sub-Saharan Africa improved the most in terms of legal rights for women, with five economies making significant progress. In particular, Gabon banned domestic violence, passed legislation against gender discrimination in the workplace, and lifted a law that required married women to obey their husbands. While the region still has room for improvement, it is encouraging that many governments are recognizing the value of empowering women and ensuring their full participation in society.

The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings

Women and girls across the globe face significant obstacles to their economic empowerment, education, healthcare, and overall wellbeing. Achieving gender equality would not only benefit individuals, families, and communities, but it could also help countries reach their full development potential by reducing fertility and under-five mortality, accelerating the demographic dividend, and lowering rates of stunting and malnutrition. However, progress towards achieving gender equality is not without cost. A recent report, Unrealized Potential: The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings, estimates that gender inequality costs households around the world a total of US$4.7 trillion.

The gender pay gap is a result of a complex combination of factors. Differences in educational attainment and occupation choice, as well as unequal treatment and discrimination, contribute to female segregation in the labour market. But even when these differences are controlled for, the gender pay gap remains persistent and widens with age. In particular, mothers are less likely to be in the labor force and tend to work fewer hours when employed, which reduces their earning potential. Fathers, on the other hand, are more likely to be in the labor force and work longer hours when employed — a phenomenon known as the “fatherhood wage premium.”

Gender inequality also affects the distribution of household wealth. In low- and middle-income countries, where wealth inequality is highest, men own more assets than women. This is partly due to a culture of masculinity that promotes male-dominated lifestyles, including devaluing women’s roles and contributions at home, as described in Wendell Berry’s 1973 book The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture. But it is also because of unequal access to finance and credit, which disproportionately affects poorer women.

The chart below shows the proportion of men and women who belong to the top 10%, 1%, and 0.1% of income groups in different countries. It is based on data from the OECD and can be updated by using the “add country” function.

As the chart shows, women all over the world are under-represented in the top 10%, and even within the top 1%, they remain significantly under-represented. However, while women are under-represented in the upper echelons of the earnings distribution, they are overrepresented in low-pay jobs.

Consequently, women are more likely to experience economic insecurity and be subject to a wide range of other negative psychological effects, such as lower self-esteem and feelings of social disgrace. This may explain why so many people, particularly men, are motivated to act in solidarity with women to promote gender equality — as this satisfies their moral obligation to support their fellow citizens and demonstrates that they are not complicit in the injustice of gender inequality. This moral obligation to act in solidarity can be understood through the theory of relative deprivation, which states that individuals are compelled to act in solidarity with members of their group if they believe they are worse off compared to the rest of the population (Leach et al., 2019).