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Why Gender Inequality Needs to Be Tackled

As gender inequality continues to limit the lives of women and girls around the world, it is clear that it needs to be tackled. Gender inequality harms individuals, families and communities – and it undermines economies and society. It stops people from realizing their full potential, denying them opportunities to learn and earn, and it limits the next generation’s prospects. The impact is felt everywhere – from developing countries with fragile infrastructure to wealthy nations facing the fallout of the global financial crisis.

As the world moves closer to achieving equality between men and women, tackling gender gaps has become a priority for many governments. Yet, progress varies and the focus of policies is evolving as new gaps emerge. Gender inequality persists across broad areas of life including education, labor markets and financial access (Kochhar and others, 2017; Sahay and others, 2015; Cihak and Sahay, 2020).

The reasons for these gaps can vary but are generally linked to gender bias and social norms, which are difficult to directly target with policy interventions (e.g. information campaigns or legal reforms). Instead, gender-inclusive policies typically aim to address symptoms of inequality, such as reducing education gaps and labor market barriers, or addressing the misallocation of talent, such as by lowering male tertiary enrollment rates compared to female ones.

In addition, tackling gender gaps can have indirect effects on other factors, such as economic growth, poverty reduction and macroeconomic stability, which in turn can have indirect impacts on individuals, families and communities. For instance, reducing gender wage gaps can reduce income inequality by increasing the earning potential of women from low-income households. And lowering the prevalence of “fatherhood penalty” in labor markets can help lower child poverty and boost family incomes by allowing women to work longer hours and increase their earnings.

A growing body of evidence shows that addressing these gender gaps can have important, even far-reaching, implications for societies. Reducing them benefits both women and children, as women tend to prioritize child welfare more than men; and the economy as a whole through positive productivity externalities, economic growth and stability, and reduced income inequality.

As the world strives for greater equality between men and women, it is crucial that the evidence on what works to close these gaps is incorporated into policy design. The research is clear: if we want to see lasting change, we must work together. Together, we can build strong economies and resilient societies that give everyone a chance to thrive.

How Sexual Violence Affects People

Sexual violence is a complex issue that affects not only survivors of sexual assault and abuse but also their family, friends, and communities. It can impact people in different ways depending on the type and severity of the assault as well as other factors including gender, culture, age, and ability to access services and resources. Those who experience sexual assault and abuse are often invisible and may struggle to find safe, trustworthy sources of support. However, there are a number of signs you can look out for if someone you know is experiencing sexual violence.

Survivors of sexual assault and abuse can experience a variety of emotional, psychological, and physical reactions. These can be short-term or long-term and may include a wide range of emotions such as fear, guilt, anger, self-blame, sadness, anxiety and depression. In addition, survivors may have difficulties coping with the impact of sexual violence on their day-to-day lives such as difficulty sleeping or concentration, physical symptoms related to areas of the body affected by sexual assault or violence, and withdrawal from friends and social activities.

Many perpetrators of sexual violence use force to coerce victims into non-consensual sex and other sexual acts. This force can be physical, but it often involves emotional or psychological pressure and manipulation. Almost eight out of 10 sexual assaults and rapes are committed by someone known to the victim such as an intimate partner or acquaintance, and a large percentage of these incidents involve sexual coercion with force.

A major effect of sexual assault is a loss of trust in others. Survivors can struggle to trust themselves and can have difficulty determining who they can trust, and this can lead to isolation. This is especially common in cases where a person was injured or contracted a sexually transmitted infection as a result of their assault or abuse.

Victims of sexual violence can often feel alienated from their bodies and experiences a sense of betrayal. They may develop somatic (body) complaints such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, and other physical discomforts and can also experience problems with eating or have trouble concentrating. In addition, they may seek out experiences that offer a more intense physical sensation like self-injury.

Depending on their individual cultural background, some survivors may experience different feelings of shame or guilt. Sociocentric cultures where the dignity of the group is placed above that of the individual tend to give rise to a more social feeling of shame while ego-centric cultures that place importance on the identity of the individual may produce a more private feeling of guilt.

It is important to remember that there is no “right way” for anyone to react to sexual violence or sex abuse. Some victims may decide to tell others immediately, while others will wait weeks, months or even years before talking about their experience.

Survivors of sexual violence can be from any walk of life and can include men, women, boys, girls, cisgender people, transgender people, and those with disabilities. People living in vulnerable situations, such as those who are homeless, can be more susceptible to sexual assault and sex abuse.

Victim Blaming

Victim blaming is any language or action that implies (either intentionally or unintentionally) that a victim of abuse, assault or crime is partially or fully responsible for what has happened to them. It is not only harmful but can also make victims feel shame, guilt or responsibility for the abusive behaviour. This can discourage victims from speaking up, seeking help and recovery or from contacting the police. It can increase feelings of post-traumatic stress, depression and health issues in survivors. Victim blaming is often perpetrated by people the victim knows and trusts such as their friends, family and colleagues. In some cases, it is the perpetrator themselves.

There are a number of reasons why people victim blame, including an inability to empathize with the situation and a fear reaction triggered by the human drive for self-preservation. Hamby and Gilin suggest that it could also be due to a lack of training in empathy or an unwillingness to see things from perspectives other than one’s own. A common victim blaming response is asking the victim what they should have done differently. This is a question that can be difficult to answer without falling into the trap of victim blaming, as it implies that there was something the victim should have done or shouldn’t have done to prevent their abuse. Questions that start with “why” are particularly likely to be interpreted as blaming the victim.

The world is a dangerous place and bad things can happen to anyone, so it can be hard to accept that abuse and other tragedy can occur to those we love and respect. This can lead to a belief that bad things only happen to bad people, which in turn leads to victim blaming.

It is important to remember that when someone you know and trust tells you about their experiences with violence, abuse or other traumas, it takes a great deal of courage for them to share these stories. When these stories are met with victim blaming, it can reduce their willingness to speak up again, or even seek help for the psychological and emotional aftermath of trauma. It can also heighten symptoms of PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts in survivors.

Victim blaming can also be reinforced by cultural and social beliefs, such as the belief that males are more violent than females and that those who break traditional gender roles are more likely to be abusive. It is therefore important to challenge these beliefs, so that they do not influence our responses.

It is a complex issue, but the first step in stopping victim blaming is to realise that it is not acceptable. We can take steps to support victims and survivors by being open to hearing their stories, believing them, and reassuring them that it is never their fault. It is also important to educate others and encourage them to challenge victim blaming when they see it in the media or hear it from other people.

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Being a Woman

A simple question can lead to a huge debate: “What is a woman?” The answer to that isn’t easy, but reducing the definition of women to the point of absurdity will not help us understand them better. The most important thing to remember is that “woman” refers to any human who identifies as female and moves through the world that way. Official documents, external rules and laws, biology and sexual and reproductive organs, the brain—all of these things can and do define our gender as a woman. But the biggest factor in defining our gender and womanhood is probably ourselves.

We see this in politics, where women are the majority of elected officials. As of 2021, 122 women were serving in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and four were sitting on the Supreme Court. Women are also the dominant sex in the labor force, where they make up nearly half of all employees and have higher job satisfaction than men.

However, the advantages of being a woman don’t stop at work or with our personal lives. Women are more resilient in the face of hardships, which is why they disproportionately care for children and elderly relatives. Women also take on a larger share of unpaid household duties, which means they have less time to spend on their own careers. They are more likely to leave the workforce during a pandemic and have a harder time finding jobs when they do return, leaving them behind men in terms of economic security.

Even though the number of women in leadership roles is growing, there is still much work to do. In 2018, only 15 countries have more than 50 per cent of women in Cabinet-level positions leading policy areas. And despite the gains, women are more likely to be targeted with microaggressions, which are offensive or derogatory remarks about a woman’s appearance or actions, such as being a mother or a public figure.

Women can have some disadvantages in the workplace, but many businesses are realizing that diversity is a valuable asset for their companies. Female managers tend to be more collaborative, which can help teams work more effectively. They also encourage work-life balance and are more open to flexible working arrangements, which can make it easier for employees with family responsibilities or other commitments to keep up with their work.

In fact, it is these values that have made some women more successful in business, which has led to the rise of female entrepreneurship. Whether they are working from home, in their own companies, or in a traditional office, women bring a wide range of skills to the workplace and offer unique perspectives on how to run an organization.

Women’s Rights in the 21st Century

Women have a right to equal pay, property ownership, education, health care and freedom from violence. They are entitled to vote, run for office and pursue careers. And they should be able to choose when, how many and with whom they want children. Yet, the world has a long way to go before all women and girls enjoy these rights.

Over the past century, a movement called feminism has helped bring about some of these gains. But it has been a slow journey. Originally, the movement’s issues were controversial and viewed as unpalatable. In 1916, Margaret Sanger opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, allowing doctors to recommend that married women use contraception to avoid pregnancy. That was the first of hundreds of arrests over a 40-year period for Sanger and other birth control activists. Jeanette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was also arrested and jailed several times in her fight for women’s rights.

As a result of the activism, more governments enacted laws that improved conditions for women. For example, in 1920, suffrage was passed and women could vote. And, in the 1940s, women gained access to birth control and other reproductive health services. This improved their economic circumstances by enabling them to delay having kids and work longer in the workforce, which led to higher wages and lower rates of poverty.

The international community has been working to advance women’s rights through the United Nations and its Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). But, even though the majority of countries have made progress in their treatment of women over the past few decades, a large number of countries treat women unequally by excluding them from key aspects of life such as mobility and entrepreneurship.

In 178 countries, legal barriers keep women from fully participating in the economy. For example, women cannot own property as easily as men or get passports as quickly. And, in many countries, they are not paid equally to men for the same jobs.

Even worse, harmful patriarchal traditions such as child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) keep millions of women from having the future they deserve. In fact, it is estimated that a woman is injured or killed in a FGM procedure every two minutes.

The good news is that, if the recent trends continue, it is likely that all countries will be on track to meet the global target of empowering all women and girls by 2030. The next step is to ensure that those policies are implemented at a national level.

But, the Trump administration’s proposed budget cuts and stringent policies—from abortion to refugee resettlement—pose a serious threat to these hard-won rights. It is time for people of conscience to rally around the world to defend these rights. Because only when all women have these rights will they be able to contribute to a better and brighter future for everyone.

The Importance of Addressing Gender Inequality

Gender inequality – the gap in the economic and social opportunities between men and women – is one of the biggest constraints to human progress. It limits one-half of the world’s population from achieving their full potential and thus holds back societies as a whole. Taking gender concerns into account is therefore a key element in the design and implementation of development and population programmes.

It is widely accepted that the most important reason to address gender inequality is to improve people’s lives. The fact that women are denied access to jobs, incomes, assets and decision-making processes that allow them to participate fully in society hinders their capacity to provide for themselves and their families, to develop as individuals and as citizens.

This translates into a significant reduction in the quality of their health and well-being, which also affects their children. Gender equality is thus essential to poverty alleviation, sustainable development and peace.

Gender gaps can be measured at the global, national and household level. The most commonly discussed is the pay gap, which measures differences in average hourly earnings between male and female workers. The chart below shows that, while the gap has shrunk in some countries, it remains large and persistent in most.

The gap in asset ownership is equally persistent. In most low and middle-income countries with available data, women are less likely than men to own land and other assets such as productive machinery and technology. This undermines their ability to cope with shocks such as natural disasters, climate change or ill health.

In addition to being a detriment to individual’s welfare, the lack of women’s financial independence is a constraint on a country’s economic and social progress. It prevents women from having enough savings to invest in small businesses or start their own enterprises, and it hampers the creation of a robust economic base to support intergenerational mobility.

Research suggests that empowering women can lead to higher economic growth and better overall development outcomes. It can help break the cycle of intergenerational poverty and foster healthier and more educated children. It can also reduce poverty and hunger by boosting family food security and nutrition.

Despite their contributions to societies, women remain at a disadvantage in many aspects of life. In a number of countries, they have less access to education and training; are more vulnerable to disease; experience violence at work and at home; face discrimination when trying to find jobs; and have fewer rights to land ownership and inheritance.

These challenges are exacerbated in situations of conflict, fragility and vulnerability. This is why it is so important to invest in girls’ education and economic empowerment, which will result in a stronger foundation for sustainable development. It will enable girls and women to live free from gender-based violence, take control of their own lives and have the opportunity to develop their ambitions, interests and talents. It is only when we achieve gender equality that we can build a fairer and more prosperous future for everyone.

The Complexity of Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is any kind of sexual activity or act that takes place without consent – including child sexual abuse, sex assault and rape. It does not matter who is involved, where it happens or what they were doing – no one deserves or asks for sexual violence to happen to them. Survivors of sexual assault and abuse may experience emotional, psychological and physical impacts. These include feelings of anger, guilt, fear, shame and depression. They may also develop a sense of powerlessness and struggle to trust others. Sexual violence can have a wide-ranging impact on the victims and their families, friends, workplaces and communities.

Perpetrators use a variety of strategies to coerce their victims into non-consensual sex. The majority of perpetrators are someone known to the victim – often an intimate partner or family member – but other people who have contact with the victim (friends, acquaintances and strangers) may also commit sexual violence against them. Generally, the force used is not necessarily physical. It can be psychological or emotional, for example threats, manipulation, bribery or intimidation. Almost all victims of sexual violence are attacked by someone they know – this is called domestic or interpersonal sex abuse.

It is important that we understand the complexity of sexual assault and abuse. We must avoid stereotyping and blaming victims, as it is not their fault that sexual violence or assault occurs. Perpetrators are responsible for this type of behaviour and they have a sense of entitlement, believing that they have the right to sexually assault, abuse or harass others. They are often motivated by a desire for power and control over their victims.

Many people believe that it is the responsibility of a male victim to defend themselves against sex attacks or fight off their attacker. This belief contributes to the myth that a man who does not fight off a sex attack is weak and does not respect men. This type of sex bias is harmful to all victims, regardless of their gender. In addition, it may lead to an inflated sense of power in perpetrators who perceive any resistance as an insult to their manhood, causing them to use more violence.

A survivor’s body is where the sexual abuse took place and it can be difficult for them to feel comfortable or safe in their bodies after a traumatic event like sexual assault. As a result, survivors may have issues with eating, sleeping, or even moving their bodies. They might feel disassociated or numb from the parts of their bodies that were touched by the perpetrator and as a result might experience self-harm, alcohol and drug use or other unhealthy coping strategies.

Survivors are often made to feel like they did something wrong, especially if their perpetrator was someone they knew or trusted. This can affect their relationships with other people and create feelings of betrayal, guilt and shame. Survivors of sexual assault often struggle to establish and maintain boundaries with others – some of them do not even know what their own boundaries are.