Women’s Rights – A Non-Negotiable Human Right

In the years since the first lady’s speech, women have come a long way in fighting for their rights. The movement has shifted from being a fringe cause to a mainstream issue. Today, women’s rights are considered “non-negotiable” as a human right that should be prioritized by decent people everywhere, because it will ultimately benefit everyone.

The rights of women are being met in many ways across the world, but more work needs to be done. For example, women in developing countries are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, and many are robbed of a healthy life due to unplanned pregnancies and child marriage. Women also face economic inequalities, including paying less than men for the same work, being restricted by laws to work in certain industries, and not having access to land ownership or inheritance. Many women are also forced to spend twice as much time on domestic work, which undermines their ability to earn a living. Harmful patriarchal traditions, like female genital mutilation and child marriage, rob women of their dignity.

When asked about the main obstacle to equal rights, 77% of Americans say that sexual harassment is a major barrier. Two-thirds say that differences in the expectations society holds for women and men are a major obstacle as well, while others cite lack of opportunity to work, family responsibilities, gender discrimination, or not having enough women in leadership positions.

Despite the challenges, most people believe that gender equality will eventually be achieved in their country. More than seven-in-ten in the Netherlands, India, and Mexico believe it will happen, while majorities in most Central and Eastern European nations and Russia think it will happen as well. And in the United States, 75% say that they are confident that women and men will have equal rights eventually.

When looking at the regional rankings, Sub-Saharan Africa improved the most in terms of legal rights for women, with five economies making significant progress. In particular, Gabon banned domestic violence, passed legislation against gender discrimination in the workplace, and lifted a law that required married women to obey their husbands. While the region still has room for improvement, it is encouraging that many governments are recognizing the value of empowering women and ensuring their full participation in society.

The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings

Women and girls across the globe face significant obstacles to their economic empowerment, education, healthcare, and overall wellbeing. Achieving gender equality would not only benefit individuals, families, and communities, but it could also help countries reach their full development potential by reducing fertility and under-five mortality, accelerating the demographic dividend, and lowering rates of stunting and malnutrition. However, progress towards achieving gender equality is not without cost. A recent report, Unrealized Potential: The High Cost of Gender Inequality in Earnings, estimates that gender inequality costs households around the world a total of US$4.7 trillion.

The gender pay gap is a result of a complex combination of factors. Differences in educational attainment and occupation choice, as well as unequal treatment and discrimination, contribute to female segregation in the labour market. But even when these differences are controlled for, the gender pay gap remains persistent and widens with age. In particular, mothers are less likely to be in the labor force and tend to work fewer hours when employed, which reduces their earning potential. Fathers, on the other hand, are more likely to be in the labor force and work longer hours when employed — a phenomenon known as the “fatherhood wage premium.”

Gender inequality also affects the distribution of household wealth. In low- and middle-income countries, where wealth inequality is highest, men own more assets than women. This is partly due to a culture of masculinity that promotes male-dominated lifestyles, including devaluing women’s roles and contributions at home, as described in Wendell Berry’s 1973 book The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture. But it is also because of unequal access to finance and credit, which disproportionately affects poorer women.

The chart below shows the proportion of men and women who belong to the top 10%, 1%, and 0.1% of income groups in different countries. It is based on data from the OECD and can be updated by using the “add country” function.

As the chart shows, women all over the world are under-represented in the top 10%, and even within the top 1%, they remain significantly under-represented. However, while women are under-represented in the upper echelons of the earnings distribution, they are overrepresented in low-pay jobs.

Consequently, women are more likely to experience economic insecurity and be subject to a wide range of other negative psychological effects, such as lower self-esteem and feelings of social disgrace. This may explain why so many people, particularly men, are motivated to act in solidarity with women to promote gender equality — as this satisfies their moral obligation to support their fellow citizens and demonstrates that they are not complicit in the injustice of gender inequality. This moral obligation to act in solidarity can be understood through the theory of relative deprivation, which states that individuals are compelled to act in solidarity with members of their group if they believe they are worse off compared to the rest of the population (Leach et al., 2019).

Causes and Effects of Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is a sex act completed or attempted against the victim’s will, or when a person is not able to give consent (physically, emotionally or psychologically). It may involve actual or threatened physical force, use of guns or other weapons, coercion, intimidation and pressure. It also includes touching of the genitals, anus or groin against a person’s will or when they are unable to consent. Sexual violence affects individuals, families and communities. It can cause trauma, disbelief and a loss of sense of safety and trust. It can lead to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health issues for survivors. It can also impact self-esteem, body image and relationships. It can also have economic impacts in addition to the cost of medical, police and judicial services. It is estimated that each rape costs $5,100 in tangible losses and $81,400 in lost quality of life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention).

Sexual assaults and rape are most often committed by someone the victim knows, like a friend, family member or intimate partner. This type of violence is known as acquaintance rape or a non-consensual sexual assault. It is a violent display of power and often happens when there are inequalities such as money, age or experience. It can also happen when a person feels powerless and has few or no choices in a relationship, especially when they are drunk or on drugs.

It is also common for rape to occur in the context of war or conflict. It is often a weapon used to demoralize or punish the enemy, and it can be used in revenge for previous attacks. It may also be used to control women in a culture that has patriarchal gender roles and sex norms.

In armed conflict, sexual violence is usually part of a wider pattern of abuse and violations of human rights including war crimes. This is particularly true for rape, which is almost always a crime against humanity.

The ICRC addresses the causes and effects of sexual violence through its programs which include protection, assistance, awareness-raising and prevention. In countries where it works, these are complemented by community development and advocacy activities.

Individuals can take steps to help prevent sexual violence. One way is to practice safe sex and learn about healthy relationships and boundaries. Another way is to keep a home well-lit and to be vigilant when answering the door or using public transportation alone. Check the identification of service workers and sales people before allowing them into the house. Keep windows and doors locked, especially at night. If you think that a friend, family member or partner might be abusing them, encourage them to seek help in a judgement-free and compassionate space. This might include calling a hotline, talking to their doctor about reporting the abuse or obtaining PEP, a medication that can reduce the risk of getting HIV if exposed.

There is no excuse for sexual violence, even if the victim was drunk or on drugs. No one deserves to be abused.

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Victim Blaming

Victim blaming is when someone believes that a victim of a crime or traumatic experience is partly or entirely to blame for what happened. This belief can be made by people of all ages and backgrounds, but it’s more common when people are highly critical or lack empathy towards others. People can also hold victim blaming beliefs without even realising that they do so, especially if they’re struggling with mental health issues or a history of trauma themselves. For example, it’s not uncommon for victims to be blaming themselves for their sexual assault or domestic abuse, which can be very damaging to their wellbeing and confidence in their own abilities.

A major problem with victim blaming is that it makes it harder for victims to come forward with their stories, and can make them feel ashamed or guilty about what happened to them. It can also reinforce predator-like behaviour and allow perpetrators to escape punishment by blaming the victim for what they have done.

It’s important to remember that when a person is victim blaming someone, it is based on a set of values and beliefs about how the world works. Studies have shown that people with more individualistic values are more likely to blame victims, while those with more binding values are more likely to protect others’ well-being. These values can be influenced by a person’s background, culture and upbringing too. Intersectional identities such as being LGBTQ+ or being a Black, Asian or minorityitised ethnic person can also contribute to the prevalence of victim blaming attitudes and harmful stereotypes, as they may be more prone to un/conscious biases.

The root causes of victim blaming are complex and multifaceted, but some of the main ones include an unwillingness to believe that good, wholesome people can be victims of violent crimes and cruelty, a desire to avoid feeling uncomfortable or anxious about emotional situations, and a general lack of empathy for others. Studies have found that people with more empathy tend to be less likely to derogate victims, and a simple prompt to empathise with a victim can help reduce the likelihood of victim blaming.

Survivors can face victim blaming from family, friends, neighbours and strangers alike. It’s particularly damaging when it comes from those close to them, such as their abusers or people in their abusers’ social circle. It’s also a common tactic used by abusers to isolate and control their victims, and can often lead to feelings of shame, guilt and isolation for survivors, and may cause them to hide their experiences from the outside world.

There are many ways that we can all help to end victim blaming. This can be by adjusting our own mindsets, using accountable language to hold perpetrators responsible for their actions, and supporting and guiding survivors toward safe support systems. For professionals, it is recommended that we take the opportunity to practice and champion anti-victim blaming language and behaviours where possible. The following guidance for professionals offers advice on best practice in this area.

How to Make Women Feel Respected

Women want to be treated with respect. They deserve it in every relationship and in their interactions with all men. Women do not tolerate disrespect and they will leave a man who treats them that way for good. It does not take much to make a woman feel respected and it is very easy to do so in a way that is meaningful to her.

For example, a woman may have a unique philosophical notion that you disagree with but you should never denigrate her for it. Instead, you should listen to her and try to understand why she feels that way because you may come to realize that she is correct. In the workplace, women create a feeling of togetherness that is important to the success of any business. Women also help businesses to be more creative by bringing diverse viewpoints to the table.

While many people think of women as the weaker sex, it is far from true. In fact, women have several health advantages over men. They are healthier and live longer on average than men. They are also better equipped to handle stress and recover from illness.

They are more apt to explore their artistic side and have a greater interest in creativity. This carries over into their professional lives and helps them to be better problem solvers at work. Women are also more apt to communicate well with others and share their ideas with coworkers.

A woman wants to know that she is a valued part of your life and that you care for her. This is why it is so important to treat her with respect in every relationship and interaction that you have with her. This means recognizing her accomplishments, listening to her thoughts and feelings and respecting her opinion.

Women also want to know that they can count on you in a crisis. This is why it is so important to be there for her when she needs you. This may mean reassuring her of your love, offering to help her with a problem or simply being present with her during a difficult time.

Finally, women want to be loved and appreciated for who they are on the inside, not their physical features or gender. This is why it is so important to always show a woman that you love her for who she is. This includes noticing her interests and hobbies, remembering her birthday or anniversary and acknowledging holidays like Christmas and Valentine’s Day.

It is also important to show a woman that you appreciate her by giving her gifts and showing that you are thinking of her often. This can be as simple as a bouquet of flowers on a special date or sending her a card saying you are thinking of her. These small gestures go a long way in making her feel valued and loved.

Women’s Rights – A Global Ethical Imperative

Many people around the world see equal rights for women as an unquestionable ethical imperative. When women are empowered, communities and economies flourish. In addition, addressing the most urgent gender justice issues, such as violence against women, female genital mutilation, preventable maternal deaths and unmet need for contraception, is the best way to achieve a more sustainable planet for humans and other species.

In our global survey, about eight-in-ten adults — across age, income and partisanship — say it is very important that women have the same rights as men in their country. And more than nine-in-ten Democrats and those who lean Democratic say this is very important. Only 3% of Republicans and Republican leaners say women’s equality is not very or not at all important.

Most people agree that women have made progress in achieving their rights, but there are still a lot of unfinished work. In fact, in a few countries that ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), women’s rights are backsliding.

As recently as 2000, women could not obtain passports as easily as men; they were allowed to work night shifts only in a quarter of countries; and they had fewer legal protections against domestic violence and sexual exploitation. These gaps are shrinking – but progress is uneven.

In a wide range of countries, majorities or pluralities of people think women are more likely than men to have experienced physical and/or sexual assault in their lifetime. They are also more likely to have experienced domestic or family violence. And in war zones, women and girls are especially vulnerable to sexual assault or rape by soldiers and militias.

A majority of those surveyed say it is very important to protect women’s rights, and about half specifically mention equal pay and no discrimination in hiring or promotion as something they would expect to see in a society where there are gender-equal rights. When asked about the most important milestones in advancing women’s rights, those with the highest levels of education point to women getting the right to vote and gaining legal status as citizens, while those with the lowest level of education cite more recent developments such as legislation on violence against women and better access to health services like birth control.

When we run a more formal regression analysis that accounts for factors such as religion, time and other economic drivers, it turns out that economic drivers, particularly female labour force participation, total fertility rates and per-capita GDP, are the strongest predictors of women’s rights. But the results show that non-economic factors such as religion can dampen the positive effect of these economic channels. This is why a global, holistic approach is needed. Only when women and girls have full economic, social, political and cultural empowerment will true equality be realized. Until then, we need to redouble our efforts to ensure that all nations and peoples are fully accountable for upholding women’s rights.

How to Reduce Gender Inequality

Gender inequality is a human rights issue that affects the health, wellbeing and economic prosperity of everyone. It has been a global challenge for decades, and progress continues to be made – but at a rate that is too slow for the girls and women who need it most. We need to take bold action to accelerate and scale up this work if we are to ensure that all girls can reach their full potential.

Efforts to tackle gender inequality often focus on changing individual men and women’s behaviours. For example, initiatives that aim to close gaps in STEM fields typically focus on encouraging more women to pursue these careers by boosting their interest and motivation, through campaigns such as the heavily criticized “Science: It’s a Girl Thing”. Initiatives to increase the number of women in parliament or senior leadership positions similarly target individual men and women with targeted campaigns (McKinnon, 2022).

While this approach may have some limited success in improving outcomes for a small minority of individuals, it fails to tackle the root causes of these gaps and does not provide long-term sustainable solutions. This is because the root cause of inequality is deeply ingrained in social norms, attitudes and structures. This can be addressed only by tackling these underlying systems and power relations, which requires political will and substantial investment.

There is no doubt that reducing gender inequality will benefit society as a whole. In addition to directly improving the lives of women and girls, it will bring a wide range of macroeconomic benefits: stronger economic growth and financial stability, increased jobs and less income inequality (Kochhar and others, 2017; Kozlowski and Sahay, 2018).

In addition, lower gender inequality reduces social unrest, violence and conflict, which in turn leads to stronger economies and greater global security. This is why it is so important to fully implement the gender equality agenda and promote policies that support women’s economic empowerment, education, and health – including ending harmful traditional practices and investing in family planning and reproductive healthcare.

In order to achieve gender equality and end discriminatory laws and cultural attitudes that restrict women’s autonomy, the world must fully commit to implementing all of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This includes goal five, which states that “progress towards achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls should be considered a cross-cutting objective and a core element of national policy, strategies and budgets”. To achieve this, political leadership and investments are required along with comprehensive policies to dismantle the barriers. Click on the visualization above to view a timeline of available data from OECD countries for gender equality in a variety of areas. You can add more observations by clicking the option “add country”. The latest data from OECD (2018) shows that on average, it will take another 131 years for the pay gap between men and women to close globally. This is unacceptable and needs to be tackled urgently.

Prevalence of Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is any unwanted, aggressive or exploitative behavior related to sex and gender. It is estimated that one in three women and one in four men will experience some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. It can occur in a variety of settings, including schools, workplaces, homes and public spaces. It can be perpetrated by people known to the victim, as in intimate partner sexual violence or acquaintance rape, or by strangers (stranger rape).

Sexual assaults and rapes can have devastating impacts on victims. These impacts can be physical, emotional, economic and social. Some of these impacts are immediate and others may take time to become apparent, such as problems with relationships or health issues like PTSD.

Perpetrators of sexual assault and rape often use force, or coercion. This can include physical pressure, manipulation, verbal threats and other intimidation tactics to force a person into non-consensual sex. In addition, the vast majority of perpetrators of sexual violence are someone that a victim knows, such as their intimate partner or an acquaintance.

The prevalence of sexual violence is difficult to gauge. The data that is available comes from police reports, clinical settings and surveys conducted by nongovernmental organizations. It can be compared to an iceberg, where the small visible tip represents cases reported by survivors and other data that is not as readily available.

Survivors of sexual assault or rape often don’t immediately share their experiences for various reasons, such as shame, embarrassment and guilt. They can also fear not being believed or having their traumatic experiences downplayed by friends and family members. It can also be hard for them to find resources and support, as they may not know where to turn or who to trust.

Many victims of sexual assault or rape develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptoms of PTSD can include avoidance, flashbacks and changes in thoughts and emotions. Some victims develop suicidal thoughts or intentions and others have difficulty maintaining healthy relationships with their loved ones, especially if they have trouble finding trustworthy people to confide in.

Individual level — factors that increase the risk of becoming a perpetrator of sexual violence, such as alcohol and drug abuse, antisocial or impulsive behaviors and hostility towards women. There are also some cultural factors, such as a belief that boys will be boys or internalized misogynist attitudes.

Community level — factors that influence the risks at the community or group levels, such as laws and policies that promote violence against women and inequalities between males and females. There are also cultural factors, such as a culture of silence and an attitude that sexual assault is “just part of life”.

Individuals can play an important role in prevention by promoting safe relationships, behaviors and environments through their everyday actions. For example, by taking home a friend who has had too much to drink, explaining that rape jokes aren’t funny or getting security involved when someone is behaving inappropriately, people can help prevent sexual violence.

How to Stop Victim Blaming

Victim blaming is a common and destructive attitude that places the blame for an abuser’s actions on the victim. Whether it is questioning what they were wearing, why they didn’t tell anyone sooner, or asking how they could have prevented an assault from occurring, blaming victims for their trauma can discourage survivors from speaking up and making it more difficult for them to seek the help they need. It also diverts attention away from holding those who do harm accountable.

For example, when news of a high-profile rape or other form of violence makes headlines, it’s common for others to blame the victim by saying things like, “She should have known better” or “She did this to herself.” Other times, people will ask a survivor what they did wrong and why their assault was a result of their own choices, like being drunk or having sex with someone they knew. This type of victim blaming is rooted in a lack of empathy for others and can be the cause of a victim’s feelings of shame, guilt, fear, and powerlessness.

Those who engage in victim blaming may not even realize they’re doing it, especially if they have been affected by a trauma themselves. It can be a subconscious or visceral reaction to tragedy that is based in a mindset of assuming the world is a positive place and that negative events only happen because of poor decisions or bad luck. It’s a form of privilege that can make people feel less empathetic toward those who are suffering, especially in cases of sexual violence and other forms of abuse.

It is important to remember that when a loved one opens up to you about their experiences, they have made a huge leap of trust. It is important to listen carefully and to let them tell their own narrative of their experience, while reassuring them that the traumatic event was not their fault.

If you’re worried a friend or family member might be suicidal, it’s essential to reach out for support and to find safe resources that can provide treatment options. Some of these options can include therapy, medication, or transcranial magnetic stimulation. It’s also important to recognize that it can be challenging to talk about suicide, which is why it is important to ask a loved one how they are doing before mentioning this possibility.

Whether you’re an individual who has been affected by victim blaming or a person who works to prevent it, you can take action to challenge these attitudes. Learn more about the underlying beliefs that lead to victim blaming and how you can hold those responsible for doing harm accountable. This can be done through educating others, addressing the issues in your own community, or taking public stands against the many instances of victim blaming that occur on social media. Hopefully, by working together, we can create a world that’s more empathetic and less victim-blaming. For more tips and resources, check out our page on Rape Culture.