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Women’s Rights in the 21st Century

Women and girls make up half the world’s population and have untapped potential to drive economic growth, build peaceful societies and lead in their own communities. But they face discrimination and inequality at home, work and in society, including sexual violence, harmful traditional practices, limited access to education and lack of financial independence.

Gender equality is not only an essential human right, but is also crucial to sustainable development, peaceful societies and prosperity for everyone. The sex-based inequalities of women and girls have been shown to contribute to poverty and to global inequalities, but they can be changed with collective action and a strong commitment from all stakeholders.

The fight for women rights began with the first wave of feminism that pushed for social change in the nineteenth century. The movement’s organizers such as Susan B. Anthony, who brought her organizational skills from the temperance movement, developed a network of local activists to promote women’s rights legislation. These included laws giving women control of their earnings, mothers’ guardianship over children after divorce and suffrage for women.

As the movement grew, it broadened its scope. Early twentieth-century feminists, influenced by European sex theorists such as Havelock Ellis, sought to enlarge a woman’s sexual liberation and self-determination. They fought for birth control, both as an economic tool to help working women and a means of combating the population growth fears of neo-Malthusians.

In the 21st century, the fight for women’s rights has moved into a new phase. It has expanded to address reproductive rights, economic rights and the need for more empowering leadership. This is reflected in Goal 5, to “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” of the United Nations’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Reproductive rights are central to women’s empowerment and to broader efforts to advance women’s economic and social progress. They include the ability to decide how many, when and whether to have children, and to have equitable property ownership. The most basic aspect of this is the right to control one’s own fertility, but it also includes the right to access affordable family planning and safe abortion services.

Economic rights are essential for women to fully participate in society and pursue their own goals. This can be achieved through removing discriminatory labour laws that limit women’s opportunities to find work, or by creating laws that guarantee equal pay for men and women. It is also necessary to eliminate laws that prevent women from accessing land ownership, or that impose different inheritance rules for sons and daughters.

The goal of ending the worst forms of gender injustice – such as child marriage, female genital mutilation and preventable maternal deaths – will require a massive investment in women’s rights by governments, donors and companies. But the return on investment in tackling gender injustice will be enormous: the world economy could add $264 billion to its GDP each year, according to Oxfam. This is money well spent, as we can’t achieve a prosperous future without the full participation of women and girls.

The Slowdown in Reducing Gender Inequality

A growing body of research shows that gender inequality has important economic implications. For example, the literature on the impact of gender gaps in school enrollment and labor force participation finds that they help reduce income inequality by benefiting girls and women from low-income households, boosting household productivity, improving firm/institution performance, strengthening macroeconomic stability, and lowering wage disparities (Kochhar and others, 2017; Sahay and colleagues, 2018; Gonzales and others, 2015b).

But while there have been major gains over decades, a look at country-level trends shows that progress has stalled since around 2000. Some countries have even experienced regress in certain dimensions, including in the share of top earners who are women (see this visualization by clicking on “Add a country” at the bottom of the chart).

What’s going on? In part, the slowdown reflects that reducing gender inequality requires more than economic development and technology—it requires policies to address social norms. And addressing such issues is often more difficult than tackling inequality in its more visible forms.

Gender inequality shows up in a variety of ways: for example, women’s role as family executives means they do more nonmarket work, such as childcare and meal preparation; inequalities in remuneration for men and women can arise for many reasons, not just because firms prefer to hire male workers; the short-term peak in female wages around childbirth is largely due to their reduced working hours, which leads them to trade-off paid work with unpaid domestic chores; and they may have smaller pensions as a result.

In addition, many countries face persistent social norms that lead to violence against women and the disproportionate number of women’s deaths in wars and natural disasters. This has a direct effect on women’s employment and income, as well as their health and wellbeing.

A key lesson is that it’s crucial to have good data and rigorous analytical work to understand the dynamics of gender inequality, and to measure progress over time. This is why it’s so critical that governments collect gender-disaggregated data (e.g., by country and occupation) on a regular basis, making it available for public consumption. While the global availability of such data has improved, it’s still uneven. Continued efforts are needed to expand its scope and quality, especially in developing countries.

In addition, policy makers should also be careful not to focus on narrowly defined metrics of progress, such as achieving equality in all aspects of life or closing all gaps. This could distract from broader objectives, such as enabling women to make independent choices about their lives and careers. In this context, a re-evaluation of how we measure success in eliminating gender inequality is overdue. Fortunately, the evidence is clear: when there’s enough political will and funding, policy reforms can be effective in driving progress toward a more equal world. This is not just a matter of fairness, but of human dignity. The future depends on it.

Reactions to Sexual Violence

Sexual violence is a form of abuse, an act that goes against a person’s basic human rights and can have lasting consequences on the victim’s physical, mental, social and economic well-being. It affects the individual, the family and the community.

Sexual assault, rape and other types of sexual violence occur when a person is forced to take part in sex without their consent or against their will. It can be physically violent, but also includes other forms of sexual coercion such as manipulation, emotional intimidation and the threat of being hurt or dismissed from a job or school. Sexual violence may be perpetrated by a single person or by groups of people. It can be committed against a person of any age, sex or gender, and is almost always motivated by power, anger, fear or revenge.

Survivors of sexual violence often struggle with a number of reactions and feelings including fear, sadness, guilt, depression and anxiety. They often experience flashbacks, which can feel like the sexual violence is happening again. This can make it difficult to function at home or in the workplace. They may have sleep problems or changes in appetite and their body image can be affected. Survivors of sexual violence can also have difficulty forming and maintaining relationships with other people.

Everyone reacts to sexual violence differently and no two people will experience the same reaction. But there are some common reactions that are very normal. It is important for those who work with survivors to be aware of these reactions so they can support their clients or students through them.

Reactions to sexual violence can be immediate or they may develop gradually over time. These reactions can be as a result of the trauma or shock experienced or because of ongoing stressors such as bullying, domestic or child abuse, financial difficulties and/or alcohol or drug use. They can also be a result of other factors such as genetic predisposition, evolutionary pressures and the cultural context in which the sexual violence took place.

For example, in cultures that are sociocentric (where relations with others are central), a sense of shame is more likely to be shared and therefore less likely to lead to sexual violence than in ego-centric cultures where personal independence is valued.

Sexual violence is not easy to talk about or acknowledge and it is often misunderstood. There are many myths about sexual violence that can cause people to blame themselves or believe that what happened to them was their fault in some way. The truth is that no one deserves or asks for sexual violence to happen and it is never the victim’s fault. There are no excuses for sexual violence and it can happen to anyone at any time. It is important for all people to know what constitutes sexual violence and to understand that sexual abuse, rape and other acts of sexual violence are crimes against humanity. Educating the public about what sexual violence is and why it happens is essential to changing the culture of silence surrounding sexual violence.

Victim Blaming

Victim blaming is the term for any language or behaviour that implies (whether directly or not) that a victim/survivor is partially or fully responsible for abuse they have experienced. This type of behaviour can wrongly place blame, guilt or shame on a survivor and cause them to feel a lack of control over their own safety. Victim blaming is often used as a tactic by perpetrators to gain power and control over their victims.

Despite the fact that victim blaming is harmful, many people do not realise they are doing it. This can be especially true of professionals who work with victims/survivors, such as therapists and prevention advocates. Some may also find it difficult to believe that someone they know and care about could be the victim of a crime, so they will rationalise it by blaming the victim.

When a victim tells you about their experience with an abusive person, what you say can have a huge impact on how they move forward. Survivors can become isolated and mistrusting of the outside world after being blamed for what happened to them, so it is important that those around them are understanding and supportive.

A person who is victim blaming you will most likely be doing it because they hold certain beliefs that make them think it is acceptable to blame victims for their abuse. This includes the belief that the world is a just place and that “people get what they deserve”. It can also be a defence mechanism to avoid feeling guilty about abusing others or to justify their own actions.

It is important to challenge victim blaming when it happens, particularly as the first person a survivor confides in can have a huge impact on whether they report their abuse to the police and seek support. The first person a victim tells their story to can be the person they trust most, so you must ensure that they are believed and supported.

You may not feel ready or able to correct the victim blamer in front of you, but it is vital that you speak up and let them know that what they have said is hurtful and inaccurate. It is possible that they will not listen to you, but if they do then this can be a great step towards changing the way they think.

Survivors of violence, including sexual assault and domestic abuse, often experience feelings of trauma, self-blame and low self-esteem following their experiences. Being victim blamed can further compound these feelings and discourage them from seeking help, leading to prolonged suffering and isolation.

When confronting a victim blamer, it is important to be firm and confident. You can use statements such as: “It was not your fault”, and “It is not your responsibility to protect her”. You can also challenge their beliefs by explaining why they are incorrect and providing evidence from sources like the rape crisis line or domestic violence organisation. Educating the wider community about how to respond to allegations of abuse can be another powerful tool in eradicating victim blaming. Speak to your local rape crisis centre, domestic violence nonprofit or women’s organisation for guidance on how to do this.

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Understanding Women

Women are a diverse group with unique traits and experiences. They have many roles and responsibilities that require compassion, care, and strength. Whether they’re mothers, sisters, wives, confidantes, or professional leaders, there are countless ways that women contribute to society. While it may be difficult to understand all of the complexities that make up the female gender, there are certain things that everyone can learn to better appreciate and respect women.

What Is a Woman?

In a practical sense, a woman is a human being who has XX chromosomes. Although this definition is simplistic, it provides a solid foundation for discussing and defining the word woman. It also allows us to clearly distinguish between intersex individuals and those who do not identify as either a man or a woman. This distinction is crucial for creating a space where all individuals are treated with dignity and respect.

Throughout history, women have been defined by their relationships to men. Religion, for example, has been a powerful force in assigning gender roles. For the most part, women have been considered property of men and have been treated with consideration ranging from that given to an ox to that of a treasured grand piano. In addition, many religious communities have targeted female babies for infanticide at rates that can reach epidemic proportions.

Despite these challenges, women have made significant progress toward equality. In today’s world, there are more women than ever in positions of leadership and power. There are also more women in STEM fields than at any other time in history. Despite the progress, there are still many barriers to achieving equal opportunity and pay in the workforce for women. In order to fully appreciate and understand women, it is important to recognize the unique challenges that they face in the workplace.

When it comes to understanding a woman, it is important to remember that she is not an enigma. While the female body has a reputation for being mysterious, it is not as complex as some would believe. In fact, there is a lot of rationale and organization in the female brain. In addition, there are numerous studies that demonstrate the many advantages that women have over men when it comes to health, wellness, and overall life satisfaction.

Ultimately, in order to understand a woman, it is important to start with her individuality. She is a distinct and unique human being with her own story, circumstances, and personal struggles. It is also important to remember that women are not the same; they are all individuals who have different preferences, strengths, and weaknesses. This is especially true when it comes to communication and relationship-building. For this reason, it is important to take the time to listen to a woman and give her your undivided attention when she is talking. This will go a long way in showing her that you respect and appreciate her. It will also help you gain her trust and build a solid foundation for future interactions.

Women’s Rights and the Road to a Better World

Women’s rights – to equal pay, property ownership, freedom from violence and access to education, health care and maternal services – are key to a better world. Only when women’s rights are respected, when women have a voice in politics and economic decisions, will they be empowered to take the lead and help make societies more inclusive, fair and prosperous.

International law recognizes that women and men have the same fundamental human rights, regardless of their sex. This is reflected in two critical documents: the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), an international bill of rights, and the Beijing Platform for Action, which sets out a roadmap to achieve gender equality. Governments have an obligation to implement both documents and the principles they contain.

A number of women’s rights have been advanced in recent decades, but the struggle is far from over. Many governments still deny women their right to choose how, when and with whom they marry; to control their own bodies and sexuality, including access to safe and legal abortion; and to decide if, when and with whom they want to have children. In addition, women continue to face the threat of gender-based violence, such as rape, other forms of sexual violence and female genital mutilation.

The most important step to achieving a better world is for all countries to respect and protect women’s rights. This can only be achieved if governments work together with women’s organizations and other groups that defend their interests. This requires political will, commitment and resources.

Providing equal opportunities for women to participate in the economy will also create a safer and more secure world, especially in conflict zones and fragile states. Governments must reform laws that prevent women from having access to employment and the ability to earn a living, as well as abolish practices that discriminate against women in the workplace. For example, the ACLU Women’s Rights Project works to challenge laws and workplace policies that exclude women from certain sectors of employment, require them to leave the workforce when they become pregnant or have a baby, or pay them less than their male counterparts.

Countries must also enact and enforce laws to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living, which includes access to food, housing and water. Many people around the world are not able to meet their basic needs. Governments must also provide access to education and training, as well as financial services for women entrepreneurs.

As the global population continues to grow, it is even more important that we ensure all women have the resources and opportunities they need to live a dignified life. This includes ensuring women have access to family planning information, and medical and health services such as maternal healthcare, and sexual and reproductive health services, including contraception and safe abortions. Reproductive rights are fundamental to a just, healthy and sustainable future for everyone. For more on this topic, click here to view our fact sheet on Reproductive Rights and Women’s Rights.

Gender Inequality in the Workplace

Throughout history, gender inequality has been a persistent feature of the world’s economy and politics. Although there have been some periods of accelerated progress, since about 2000, global progress towards equality has stagnated and even reversed in many dimensions. This article surveys levels of and recent trends in gender inequality across the globe, before exploring some reasons for this change.

The economic dimensions of gender inequality are reflected in wages earned, access to self-employment and the share of household wealth held by women and men. Women’s earnings tend to be lower than those of men, and the gap widens with age (Gilbert & McLennan, 2014). Women also hold less financial assets than men, and are less likely to own land or property.

There is much debate on the causes of these gaps, with some researchers suggesting that biological or psychological differences between men and women are at play. For example, studies have documented statistical gender differences in tastes and preferences, personality traits such as risk aversion and ‘people skills’, as well as in innate cognitive abilities like maths ability. But there is also strong evidence that the origins of gender differences lie mainly in social and cultural factors, not biology (Blau & Kahn, 2015).

Gender inequality has been linked to poor economic performance and social unrest. Achieving gender equality will therefore require a holistic approach to development that includes policies addressing income, empowerment and asset ownership. It will also be important to address gendered aspects of poverty and vulnerability, including sexism, violence against women and girls, and discrimination against marginalised groups (Bryan & Varat, 2008).

Currently, the majority of interventions and initiatives to close these gaps are focused on individual-level interventions. In this approach, the main goal is to boost women’s motivation, engagement and ambition in order to increase their chances of success and narrow the gap. For example, initiatives to encourage more women into STEM fields often aim to improve their technical competences, such as through enhancing their computer literacy and working on their public speaking skills. However, there is a growing body of research that questions the assumption that gender equality in workplaces can be achieved simply by increasing women’s competencies. Studies have shown that the gendered cost and benefits of taking risks are more important than individual inclinations or competences in explaining why men and women perform differently in the workplace (Liben & Coyle, 2014).

Another problem with these one-size-fits-all approaches is that they are often based on the experiences of white, middle-class, straight women. This excludes many women, especially those from ethnic and linguistic minorities, low-income backgrounds, and who are LGBTI+ or disabled. This is a serious problem because it means that these women are not being adequately supported and empowered to pursue the careers they want, and it also limits the potential for wider gender equality gains.

Sexual Violence and Culture

Sexual violence is an extremely complex issue that impacts people of all ages, genders, cultures, faiths, and races. While there are many factors that contribute to sexual violence, one of the most important is culture. Specifically, differences in cultural perceptions of gender roles and acceptable gender behaviors can lead to sexual violence. This is because men from a more conservative culture are more likely to misinterpret nonsexual behaviors and platonic interests of women from a more open or liberal culture as sexual in nature, leading to sexual assault. This is called sexual bargaining and has been a contributing factor in cases of sexual assault/rape by men from a more conservative culture on women from a more open or liberal culture.

Sexual assault/rape, child abuse, domestic violence, STIs/HIV/AIDS, and substance use/abuse can all have significant and long-lasting effects on victims/survivors. For example, they may cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can have physical, emotional and mental health implications for the survivor. In addition, PTSD can impact a person’s ability to work, study and socialize. These consequences can have a negative impact on families, communities and societies as a whole.

It is important to remember that sexual violence/abuse is not a victim’s fault and is never justified. Sexual violence/abuse can happen to anyone, at any time, anywhere, no matter what they are wearing or what their sexual history is.

Victims often experience feelings of fear after sexual assault/rape. This can last for weeks, months or even years. It can also be triggered by certain sights, sounds, smells or even thoughts. Survivors often avoid places, situations or people that remind them of the assault/abuse. They may also develop a heightened fear of being physically hurt or killed.

The most common victim reaction to sexual violence/abuse is fear. This can be overwhelming at the time of an assault/abuse and continues to affect survivors long after it is over. Survivors can be afraid of being attacked again in the future, being around other people and being alone at home. They might become so fearful that they limit their daily activities, to the point where they may not leave their homes at all.

Another common reaction to sexual assault/abuse is guilt and shame. This is because some victims/survivors feel they deserve the abuse, or that what happened to them was their own fault in some way. This can make it difficult for them to talk about what happened and seek help.

While there are many reactions to sexual violence/abuse, some survivors find relief by talking about it with others. They might join a support group and/or talk to their family, friends or mental health professional. They can also use coping strategies and self-care tools to help manage their symptoms. Regardless of what a person does to cope, it is important to remember that sexual violence/abuse has no place in society. It is an unacceptable, traumatic crime that no one deserves. It can be prevented, and it is possible to recover from it.