World: We Got This – Tackling Gender Inequality

Gender inequality is a global problem, and while much progress has been made, it’s still not enough. Across the world, gender discrimination prevents women and girls from realizing their potential and it holds back the economy. It is also a significant barrier to the fight against poverty, climate change and other threats that humanity faces.

Despite a growing awareness of the need to address this issue, many initiatives fail to make an impact. These are often based on a one size fits all approach that takes little into account of the unique experiences of different groups of women. These include women who are culturally and linguistically diverse, working-class or LGBTQI+. It is crucial to acknowledge that gender equality issues are not just economic and political, but social and cultural as well.

This is because the root causes of gender inequality are deeply entrenched in our society and culture. They are the result of social processes that perpetuate a male-dominated culture, where men are seen as dominant and superior to women. These processes are driven by powerful forces that can be challenging to overcome.

The good news is that there are ways to tackle this problem – it requires leadership, investment and comprehensive policy reforms to dismantle the systemic barriers that stand in the way of gender equality. UNICEF is working tirelessly to ensure that gender concerns are addressed in every aspect of its work – from education, health and nutrition to water, sanitation and hygiene, and social protection. It is also investing in efforts to promote girls’ empowerment and end harmful practices like child marriage and FGM.

In the latest episode of our podcast ‘WORLD: we got this’, we hear from experts in the field of gender equality and find out what can be done to break down these barriers. We also discuss how to get more people involved in making a difference.

Why does the gender gap persist despite legal, economic and political measures that should have made it impossible? My research draws on sociology, psychology and the study of social cognition – how people perceive their interactions with one another – to explain why gender differences and hierarchies continue to function and recur. The answer appears to be that gender is used as a taken-for-granted ‘common sense’ to manage interpersonal interactions and it is these everyday interactions that can create and maintain gender inequality.

This is why tackling gender inequality is everyone’s responsibility – men, women, young and old. Everyone must play their part by calling out sexism when it occurs, speaking up against it and challenging the myths that fuel it. We must stop using sexist language and putting down women when it’s not directed at us, and we all need to support programs and policies that help to achieve gender equality and build a better world for everyone. The time to act is now. Please join us.

How to Prevent Sexual Violence

Sexual violence can happen to anyone, at any time and is not a victim’s fault. The vast majority of sexual assaults are perpetrated by someone known and even trusted, like a friend, family member, acquaintance or partner. There are many factors that contribute to the sexual abuse of a person, including:

Perpetrators of sexual violence act for a variety of reasons, but they all share an interest in exploiting and taking advantage of another’s vulnerability. This can include a desire to feel powerful and controllable, an urge for stimulation and pleasure and/or the need to take revenge. They may also be motivated by an internalised sense of victim blaming. They might also be under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol which can reduce the ability to distinguish their actions from their thoughts, feelings and emotions, and can affect a person’s decision making skills and judgement.

Individual characteristics such as impulsivity and irresponsibility can also increase the risk of becoming a rapist. Personality traits such as egocentricity, low self-esteem, narcissism and a lack of empathy can also be linked to deviant sexual behaviours. Situational factors such as a person’s financial status, education level and location can be linked to their likelihood of engaging in sexual offending.

People can do their part to help stop sexual violence by taking the following steps:

Educate yourself about consent and boundaries and teach others. Challenge images of violence against women in advertising, pornography and professional wrestling. Support community efforts to prevent sexual violence by donating to advocacy groups, volunteering and promoting legislation that supports survivors and holds perpetrators accountable.

Recognize warning signs of a potential assault and learn to respond quickly, such as a change in the way a person carries themselves or acts around you. Talk openly about sexual assault with the people in your life and learn how to support those who have been affected by it.

The consequences of sexual violence extend far beyond physical injury and can have long-term impacts on a person’s mental health, educational achievements and employment opportunities. Research suggests that survivors of sexual violence are less likely to get full-time employment, and more likely to have a lower quality of life than their non-violent peers. This is partly because they are more likely to need to rely on welfare and other public assistance programs, but also due to the impact of their trauma on their ability to function.

There are a number of interventions that can be used to address the root causes of sexual assault, including community education and awareness, training for professionals such as police officers and social workers, and societal-level interventions such as hot spot mapping, windshield surveys and policy review. More research is needed into the complex nature of these factors and how they relate to each other, and this will require greater collaboration between researchers with different theoretical perspectives and less loyalty to particular research areas. A focus on gender relations within the culture and more research into offender motivation is also merited.

Victim Blaming Explained

Victim blaming is common, and it can be harmful to both victims and society. Victims who are blamed for their experiences may be silenced and less likely to seek help and support in their recovery. Blaming also makes it harder to hold perpetrators accountable and encourages unhelpful feelings like shame for the victim.

One of the most common forms of victim blaming is asking what a victim could have done to prevent their attack or to stop the assault from happening in the first place. This can be seen in the way that people respond to news of a sexual assault or in how they talk to someone who tells them about their experience.

Those who are guilty of victim-blaming often do so without even realizing that they’re doing it. It is thought to be a natural human reaction to a situation that violates one’s sense of fairness, but it can lead to the wrong conclusions. A study published in 2016 found that people who have stronger “binding values,” which are a set of moral principles that help groups cohere, are more likely to see victims as being partially responsible for their own fates.

Another way that victim blaming manifests is by questioning whether a victim is actually a victim. This can come from friends and family members as well as strangers on social media. People who feel they have the right to judge others’ actions or beliefs are more likely to victim-blame, as are those who have a lower level of empathy for their fellow humans.

People who have a tendency to victim-blame often do so out of fear of having their own worldview unraveled by an event that doesn’t fit their expectations, explains Laura Niemi. She and her colleagues conducted a series of experiments to try to better understand this phenomenon, which they published in 2016. They found that people with higher levels of binding values tend to attribute greater blame to victims when the circumstances don’t align with their beliefs.

In their experiment, the researchers asked participants to watch a video of a woman being repeatedly shocked for a period of time. Some of the participants voted to compensate the victim by reversing the punishment and making her whole again, while others voted to continue punishing her. The result was that those who were more biased toward binding values rated the victim as being more responsible for the situation than those with less bias.

Another variable was whether the participant had experienced a similar situation directly or indirectly, and those who did experience it directly attributed more victim blaming than those who did not. The research also analyzed whether gender or cultural background played a role in the attribution of blame. Interestingly, women tended to blame the perpetrator more than men did, but they were no more likely to do so than those from the same gender as the perpetrator. However, when the researchers split the group in half and asked each person to choose which perpetrator they felt was more responsible for the situation, both men and women attributed the same amount of blame to the attacker who had physical contact with the victim, confirming the hypothesis that this is a significant factor.

What Is a Woman?

A woman is a human whose body is organized around two related functions: the production, storage and delivery of eggs and the gestation of another human being. Whether a woman is transgender or intersex, her organs are still designed to fulfill those functions. The question of what constitutes a woman can be difficult to answer, but there are many definitions that can help guide the conversation.

While many women may feel that they are defined by a specific set of traits, it is important to remember that gender identity is socially constructed and that women can define themselves in their own terms. A woman’s philosophy can also play a role in how she lives her life and defines herself. This may be particularly true for women who challenge gender stereotypes or do not identify within the dominant sex categories.

Throughout history, men have often perceived women as weaker in comparison to themselves. However, research has shown that women are actually more robust in many ways. For example, women typically live longer than men and are more likely to survive from serious illnesses such as heart disease and cancer. This is because, on average, women have higher levels of estrogen and less testosterone than men.

Women are the backbone of every society. They are the primary caretakers of their family, home and society. They ensure the growth and development of societies and nations. Women’s contributions can be seen everywhere, from the workplace to school, from politics to the social sector.

Despite these significant accomplishments, there is still a great deal of work to be done to improve the quality of women’s lives. Historically, women have been marginalized and denied the same opportunities as their male counterparts, leading to an imbalance in the world that needs to be corrected.

The issue of gender is a complex one that requires both open discussion and scientific research. Attempting to stifle debate with the question “what is a woman?” is counterproductive to the goal of empowering females and ensuring that they are treated fairly.

It is important to recognize that a woman’s role in society is not just a matter of gender equality, but that it is a matter of empowering women to be their most authentic selves. By doing this, women can lead more fulfilling lives and help make the world a better place for everyone. It is time to stop defining a woman in the narrow sense and instead focus on fostering healthy discussions that promote diversity, tolerance, empathy and understanding. This is how the world can truly grow and thrive.

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Women’s Rights in the United States and Around the World

The idea that women should be full citizens in the United States and in countries around the world, with the same legal rights as men, was at first outlandish. But it came to pass, and the change has been so gradual that people who have lived through recent decades of it can scarcely remember a time when things were different. Younger people, especially, can’t imagine life any other way. Among those who do know what it was like, there is universal agreement that the changes were good, and they would not want to go back to the way things used to be.

Yet a great deal of work remains to be done in order to achieve true equality between women and men. Despite some progress, stark gender gaps remain in the areas of pay and land ownership; violence against women and girls; access to health care and education; employment opportunities; political representation, and economic empowerment. Moreover, there are still countries where women’s lives are endangered by patriarchal traditions and practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, and ‘honour’ killings.

Fortunately, the movement that began in the wake of the Seneca Falls Convention has continued to grow. Many national women’s organizations have formed, and an international organization was established to bring together women from all nations who share the goal of fighting for human rights for women. This group, the International Council of Women, was the world’s first to organize itself on a global basis and to include members from trade unions, arts groups, professional organizations, and benevolent societies.

Today, most people in the world can agree that gender equality is a basic human right. In the United States, for example, 9 out of ten Americans across demographic and partisan lines say that equal rights are very important, and only 3 percent think that they are not. And both Democratic and Republican leaners, as well as a majority of women, believe that the country has not gone far enough to provide equal rights for women.

Women’s rights advocates have also created a set of international human rights goals that the United Nations has agreed to uphold. Goal 5 is specifically dedicated to empowering women, and there is considerable work to be done in that area. In particular, all countries need to ensure that every woman and girl has the right to make her own choices about her body, including having access to birth control information and services; choosing whether or not to marry; being free of gender-based violence; and deciding how many children she wants and with whom. These are basic fundamentals that should be enshrined in law everywhere. Yet the work is not done and it will take more effort than ever to make sure that women have these freedoms. This is a vitally important task for the future of humanity. But it will be a job that can only be accomplished with the cooperation and involvement of all, men and women alike.

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Accelerating Change Against Gender Inequality

The goal of gender equality is to give every person equal access to the resources and opportunities that they need for a life of dignity. However, across the globe, gender inequality continues to undermine this goal in many ways. Inequality exists in all countries and sectors of society, including in education, employment, income and leadership. It harms women and men equally, but it also limits the potential of entire societies. Thankfully, the momentum is building to break down these barriers.

Gender discrimination begins in childhood and is right now limiting the lives of children around the world, particularly girls. They are more likely to be denied their rights, kept out of school and forced into marriage – and to face violence if they do speak out. This assault on childhood deprives nations of the talent and energy they need to progress.

In a global economy, the most basic indicator of inequality is the pay gap – the difference between male and female wages based on equal work – which is sometimes called the gender wage gap. But the gap actually reflects a wider set of inequalities, including differences in worker characteristics (education, experience and occupation) and the fact that women are more likely to hold lower-level jobs than men. A more meaningful metric is the gender inequality index, which takes into account these factors and others.

Women and girls are also less likely to have control over household income. As a result, they are more likely to live in poverty, and to experience food insecurity, malnutrition, and poor health. This is true in low-income and middle-income countries, as well as in richer ones. It is also true in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty rates are highest, and the region suffers from a disproportionately high incidence of HIV/AIDS.

While progress has been made, we must accelerate the pace of change to ensure that we reach all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. This includes making sure that women’s rights and choices are reflected in all policies, budgets and institutions. It means ensuring that all women have the opportunity to complete secondary and higher education, to participate in the labor market, to be paid the same as their male counterparts, and to assume senior positions in business and government.

Achieving these goals will require new mindsets and a generational shift in attitudes, but the benefits of doing so will be felt by all. The road to a gender-equal world is long, but the evidence is clear: societies where women have more power and freedom to make their own choices are stronger and more prosperous. It is time to shape a new culture that celebrates the contributions of women and recognizes that men and women are equal.

Sexual Violence and Its Impact on Family and Friends

Sexual violence is a serious crime that can affect anyone. It can impact a person physically, emotionally, economically and socially. It can cause a wide variety of mental health issues, from anxiety and depression to post-traumatic stress disorder and self-blame. Sexual violence can also have an impact on family and friends, including children.

Sexual assault is not just a physical act, but it is about control, power and dominance. In most cases, the perpetrators use some form of coercion. This is not just about physical force, but can involve psychological intimidation or blackmail – for example, threats to hurt a family member, threat to get a job, etc. In some cases, a victim is unable to give consent – they may be drunk or drugged or asleep or mentally incapable of understanding what is happening to them.

Perpetrators of sexual violence often find meaning in their actions. Often, they view themselves as victims or oppressed in society and are seeking to reclaim their own power and dominance. Many perpetrators are known to their victims – about eight out of ten sexual assaults are committed by someone the victim knows. This is called intimate partner rape or acquaintance rape.

Whether or not a person chooses to report their experience of sexual violence, they are likely to have immediate and long-term impacts from the event. They may need to seek medical care, be tested for STIs and have treatment for any injuries that occurred. Survivors can have significant emotional, social and economic problems as they try to come to terms with what happened to them. They can be overwhelmed with feelings of shame, guilt and fear, including anger, anxiety, depression and self-blame.

They may feel that what happened was their fault or they could have prevented it if only they had been more careful, more attentive or better dressed. They may find it hard to trust others, and have difficulty forming relationships or maintaining employment. The trauma from sexual violence can have a ripple effect, affecting their friends, family, children and workplaces as they try to cope with what has happened.

There is a need for research on the links between the various factors that lead to sexual violence. Some researchers suggest that culture plays a role, but there is also a need to look at individual level and relationship levels of risk. Examples of these risks include alcohol and drugs; attitudes and beliefs that support sexual violence; a desire for impersonal sex; impulsive behaviours; childhood experiences of abuse or witnessing family abuse; and hostility towards women (PREVENT, 2005c).

Everybody can play a part in preventing sexual violence. Everyone can help stop sexual assault and abuse from occurring by letting others know that they do not accept a person’s violence against them; by taking steps to protect people, for example driving a friend home after they have had too much to drink; by explaining that sex offenders should not be treated with humour or jokes; and by getting security involved when threatening behaviour is being exhibited in public.